Language, Identity and Cultural Difference Essay

According to Hall (1997a), enunciation theories suggest that even though we may talk of ourselves from our experiences, the person who speaks and the subject being spoken of are never identical. Identity in this regard is to be conceived as a production which is never complete- â€Å"always in process, and always constituted within, not outside, representation†- (Hall, 1997a) as opposed to viewing it as a complete fact which is then represented by the new cultural practices. However, this view shakes the legitimacy and authority upon which the term cultural identity bases its claim. There are two ways in which cultural identity can be thought of. The first view sees it in terms of a single shared culture, some kind of a collective ‘one true self’ that is hiding inside many other more artificially imposed selves that people with a shared history and ancestry hold in common (Hall, 1997b). Within this view of description of cultural identity, our cultural identities mirrors those historical experiences that we hold in common and the shared cultural codes which offer us as a people, a stable, immutable and continuous frames of reference and meaning, under the shifting classes and fluctuations of our actual history (Hall, 1997a). Singapore was envisioned by her leaders as a multiethnic society in which the constituent ethnic groups shared participation in common institutions while at the same time retaining their distinct languages, customs and religions. The ethnic categories represented self-evident, natural groups that would continue their existence into the indefinite future. Singaporean identity therefore implies being an Indian, a Chinese, or a Malay but in relation to other groups. This model of ethnicity demands the denial of important internal variations for each ethnic group and the recognition of differences between the categories (Tsui & Tollefson, 2007). The second view of cultural identity recognizes that there are similarities and important differences which make up what we really are. We cannot persistently refer with exactness to one experience and one identity without recognizing the other dimension. This other dimension represents the rifts and discontinuities that comprise cultural uniqueness. In this second sense, cultural identity is viewed as an issue of both â€Å"becoming† and â€Å"being†, something that belongs to the future as much as it belongs to the past. Cultural identities in this regard have histories and therefore changes constantly. In other words, cultural identities are subject to the uninterrupted play of history, culture and power (Hall, 1997a). Identity is the name given to the different ways we are placed, and put ourselves within the tale of the past. This second conception of cultural identity is more disturbing and less familiar. How can the formation of identity be understood if does not proceed from a straight line or a fixed origin? The Singaporean identity can be thought of as composed of two vectors that operate simultaneously. These are the vectors of rift and difference, and similarity and continuity. The Singaporean identity can be seen with regard to the relationship between the two vectors.   Similarity and continuity brings to fore the realization that it is the experience of fundamental discontinuity that the Indians, Malays and Chinese share and among these are immigration, colonization and Asian origin. It is therefore interesting to look at how the concept of identity, language and cultural differences were created and how these concepts are related within the context of Singapore. The analysis herein presented will be based in Hall’s view of the link between language, identity and cultural difference. Relationship between Language, Identity and Cultural Difference The relationship between language, culture and identity has emerged to be a hotly contested topic in social sciences. The questions that mainly arise concern the apparent difference between cultural and ethnic identity. Are these types of identities similar or should they be differentiated conceptually. Various scholars hold varying views on the role of language in the definition of one’s identity. A major question that one may be compelled to ask is whether a culture or ethnic group can be considered to be unique if it does not have its own language or in the least its own rendition of a common tongue. Cultural identity is universal whether it is expressed with regard to humanity or otherwise since people from every part of the world are conscious of some kind of specificity that sets them apart from others. In contrast, ethnic identity only appear to take place within complex societies when it seems functional to separate individuals into categories founded upon something other than age, gender or occupation. Ethnicity is associated with cultural identity since one must make reference to cultural, linguistic or religious particularities in order to categorize individuals. According to Hall (1997b), culture is produced by representation. Culture concerns shared meaning and the medium through which we make sense out of things is through the use of language. It is through language that meaning is produced and exchanged. The only mechanism of sharing meaning is through a common access to language. In this regard, language is fundamental to meaning and culture and has always been conceived as the major bank of cultural values and meanings. However, one may be compelled to ask how meaning is constructed through language. According to Hall (1997b), language constructs meaning via its operation as a representational system. Language is one of the mechanisms through which ideas, thoughts and feelings are represented in culture. In this regard, representation through language is fundamental to the processes through which meaning is produced. Our sense of identity is derived from meaning and therefore meaning is linked with questions about how we use culture to define and maintain identity and difference within and between groups. In every social and personal relationship in which we participate, meaning is constantly being produced. Meaning is also produced through our expression in and consumption of relevant cultural materials. Our conducts and practices are also regulated and organized by meaning which help in the setting of rules, norms and conventions upon which social life is ordered and governed. The question of identity therefore emerges in relation to various other divergent moments or practices within the cultural circuits; in our construction of identity and the defining of difference, in the production and consumption and in the regulation of social conduct. In all these instances, language is one of the most important medium through which we produce and circulate meaning.

Evolution of Selling

The Evolution of selling The essay titled â€Å"Evolution of Selling â€Å"is based upon how selling has developed with the various key changes back into the industrial revolution era that has had an huge impact upon and led to the ways and approaches of selling today and looks into the ancient and modern methods, techniques and attitudes of selling which altogether has contributed to its modernization.The age of selling has brought about many advancements and developments in the world of Marketing through the encouragement of improving technology and people’s hard working attitude towards it, although, the question that remains is how personal selling even started at the first place? For which, Williams et al. (2001) has said in one of his books, Sales Management, that a street peddler was the first person ever who made a door-to-door sale by collecting the produce from the local farmers and selling it to the townspeople.Selling today would never have been so convincing if door-to-door selling was never introduced in the market because without understanding the customer’s needs and wants in detail by discussing with them, the company wouldn’t know what satisfies a customer, what products for whom and how they should be made according to their needs.Salespeople who earned a living only by selling products did not happen to be many in numbers until the Industrial Revolution(mid 1700s) hit England as traders, merchants, and artisans used to fill in the selling function before this era and were treated with disrespect due to frequent use of deception in the sale of goods (Williams et al. ,2001).The need for more salespeople was increasing since the local economies were no longer self-reliant and intercity and international trade began to embellish and therefore by the Post-Industrial Revolution Era (Early 1800s), personal selling was well recognized in England, whereas in the United States, it had just begun although eventually after the 185 0s became a well-established part of the United States business practice. For example, sending out of 400 traveling salespeople in the 1880s was being reported by one wholesaler in the Detroit area (Williams et al. , 2001).Furthermore, Charles W. Hoyt, 1912 cited in Williams et al. ( 2001;p19) as author of one of the first textbooks on sales management, records two types of salespeople â€Å"The old kind of salesman is the ‘big me’ species†¦. He works for himself and, so far as possible, according to his own ideas†¦. There is another type of salesman. He is the new kind. At present he is in the minority, but he works for the fastest growing and most successful houses of the day. He works for the house and the house works for him. He welcomes and uses every bit of help the house sends to him. Hoyt’s observations about the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ salesperson had woken up the managements of firms in the United States who were beginni ng to realize the incredible potential of personal selling. The two World Wars and the Great Depression Era had affected the United States badly during the 30 year span from 1915-1945. New sales methods did not develop quickly then as the economic activity had to concentrate on the war efforts and due to this depression, Business firms had to employee aggressive salespeople to produce badly needed sales revenue (Williams et al. 2001). This in turn may have led upon the corrosion of the customers because a salesperson without the personal code of ethics and being aggressive can erode customers by pushing them into the product forcefully even if they are not willing to buy it. During the post- World War II era, Salespeople as employees were given more importance since many more firms were beginning to understand the benefits of research- based integrated marketing programs (Williams et al. 2001). Professionalism and the Marketing era begins in the late 1940s where Buyers became more i ntolerant of high-pressure putting sellers and instead preferred a well-informed, customer-oriented salesperson, for which, an article called ‘low pressure selling’ was published by Harvard Business Review in the year 1947 helping the salespeople put more efforts in improvising their professional behavior and building a good rapport with the buyers (Williams et al. , 2001).More organizations were beginning to realize that the salespersons are in a position to collect product, market and service information concerning and determining the target market’s needs and wants in order to deliver the desired satisfaction (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012). Since the beginning of the modern era, Personal selling has developed through many distinctive stages such as the transactional selling era, the consultative selling era, the strategic selling era and the partnering era.During the transactional selling era, the two forces namely, Psychology and Methodology was introduce d in the 1950s which changed the whole selling industry and both of them adjoined to create a five step process called AIDCA, an acronym for Attention through sizzle, Interest aroused by describing the features and benefits, Desire by associating features and benefits with the needs and wants, Conviction from the seller in overcoming objections and Action by actively closing in for commitment (Hughes, nd).Transaction selling is the set of skills, strategies and sales processes that matches the needs of intrinsic value customers who treat suppliers as a commodity and are especially interested in the price and the convenience of the product (Rackham and Devincentis, 1999). In transactional selling, the buyers are mainly focused to a low-priced and a convenient product to buy, whereas the salesperson is focused into manipulating the buyer into buying it.The marketers were beginning to adopt lower cost sales channels for such sale but the decline in transactional selling due to the rise in e-commerce, increasing the complexity of businesses, led to the rise of the consultative selling era (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012). The consultative selling era began in the late 1960s and early 1970s which is more focused onto the customer’s need-identification and is accomplished through effective communication between the buyer and the seller.According to Neil Rackham and John Devincentis, in their book ‘Rethinking the sales force’, the consultative selling is linked with extrinsic value customers who demand more value and are willing to pay for any additional benefits outside of the product. The seller listens carefully to the customers’ needs and problems and tries to come up with an appropriate solution to it, which also leads to the building of customer’s trust for it. Manipulation is replaced by Negotiation in consultative selling as the seller look towards making long-term relationships with the customers (Manning, Ahearne and Reec e, 2012).Neil Rackham’s, Author of the best-selling sales book ‘Spin Selling ‘, SPIN selling method is the perfect example for this where S stands for Situation, P for Problem, I for Implication and N for Need Payoff. The strategic selling era began to evolve in the 1980s where the businesses witnessed a more complex selling situation due to the increase in global competition, wider product lines, and greater demand for more specific and custom-made products. A strategy is just more than tactics, it often involves analyzing the market and searching for information related to the customer’s needs and wants before making the actual sale.Its steps are to develop a personal selling philosophy, develop a relationship strategy, develop a product strategy, develop a customer strategy, and develop a presentation strategy (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012). The Partnering Era was beginning to grab attention in the 1990s and turned into a business reality in the 2000 s. It is strategically developed by skillfully applying the four major strategies of the strategic selling and also delivering a quality product and building a quality long-term relationship with the customer (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012).In modern selling, it doesn’t always have to be on foot because most of the organizations apply a variety of other selling methods calling it ‘the selling mix’ in which, according to William C. Moncrief and Greg W. Marshall in their article â€Å"Evolution of the seven stages of selling†, it includes methods such as teleselling, part-time sales forces, internet selling, national account representatives and selling through the use of partners.The traditional seven steps of selling involves steps such as Prospecting-salespeople find their own prospects and potential customers, Preapproach-salespeople study customer’s needs and wants prior to the actual visit, Approach-salespeople build rapport with customer†™s by applying strategies, Presentation- Providing sufficient information for the buyer to understand the products benefits, Objections- Customer objects and asks questions relating to the product and the company, therefore salespeople should answer in a positive manner to reveal customer’s needs, Close- closing the sale with the commitment to buy the product, Follow up- After service to make sure the customer is happy with the purchase(Moncrief and Marshall, 2005). There were many transformative factors, which led to the evolution of these seven steps of selling, such as telemarketing, support staff, PowerPoint/multimedia, listening, team selling, identifying mutual goals, increased effectiveness of communication through technology and many more (Moncrief and Marshall, 2005).The evolved selling process then turns out to be the following: Customer retention and deletion- 80% of Business made from 20% of existing customers so company decides to retain the high potential and profitable customers rather than prospecting for new ones, Database and knowledge management- Technological advances such as email and mobile phones has helped salespeople create a customer database quicker than before, Customer relationship management- Requires the salespeople to maintain a long term relation with the customers, Marketing the product- Salespeople now have to market the product by using segmentation and targeting etc. , Problem solving and system selling- Identify customers problems and needs and implement effective solution, Satisfying needs and adding value- Stimulate need recognition for the customer to realize their needs (Jobber and Lancaster, 2009). In conclusion, there still are some traditional techniques and methods used in the professionalism of selling today although there is one big difference that the selling before was company oriented and selling today is customer oriented. ReflectionThe essay on the evolution of selling was very interesting as it has familiarized me with the history of selling before moving any further with the modern selling and it has enriched me with lots of quality knowledge by referring to quality sources I can trust. If I’m to make a career in selling, which I think I will since It has filled the gaps of my theoretical and practical knowledge and that I also find it very interesting, It will also help not to repeat the mistakes in future that have been made previously by other salesmen. It has made me think about the skills that I already possess and the ones that I need to work on like communications skills, presentation skills.It did not seem interesting at first but then when I got to know the basics of the evolution of selling and what’s this essay is going to be about, I was filled with enthusiasm and kick-started it with a spark. Although it was quite difficult to look for the appropriate sources and took a lot of time going through it, I was not the least bothered and was ready to go that extra mile and make the effort. References Hughes, T. (nd),  The Evolution of Selling,  Available from http://rsvpselling. com/content/evolution-selling. Last accessed 10th November 2012. Jobber, D. and Lancaster, G. (2009), Selling and Sales Management, 8th edition, Essex (England), Pearson education limited. Manning, L. G. , Ahearne, M. , and Reece, L. B. (2012), Selling Today: Partnering to create value, 12th edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall Moncrief, C. W. and Marshall, W. G. 2005) Industrial Marketing Management, the Evolution of the Seven Steps of Selling, Vol 34, No 1, pp13-22, Available from Business source complete (EBSCO), Accessed 10 November 2012. Rackham, N. (1988), Spin Selling, United States of America, McGraw-Hill Professional. Rackham, N. and Devincentis, J. (1999), Rethinking the sales force: Redefining selling to create and capture customer value, United States of America, McGraw-Hill Professional. Williams, R. M. , Schwepker, H. C. , Avila, A. R. , LaF orge, W. R. and Ingram, N. T. (2001), Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Making, 4th edition, United States of America, Harcourt college publishers.

Anne Frank Remembered

My paper is on Anne Frank remembered. A little about Anne Frank she is one of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Her diaries are very famous for many reason one that it tells about life during the holocaust and how she was able to survive as a little girl. Her diaries are a look at the holocaust it is an aspiration for many. As I watched the film I could feel the struggles that Anne Frank was going through and I find her courage during the times to be uplifting the more that I watched the documentary the more that I feel like I was there with her feeling her pain and just in all her courage. Anne Frank was the hope of all the people during that time and holocaust. The documentary explained how the Germans had occupied Holland and how some of the people in Holland was hidden away in some of the houses of friends and allies. One of the people that was hidden away in opekta was Anne frank and her family it mentioned that Anne frank was called upstairs because people wanted to hide in the house and asked her what she thought. Anne Frank was offered a job by the boss of the house of cooking she was asked if she was able to cook a certain dish and she had said yes and so she was giving the job of cooking for the house. She was giving more jobs and responsibilities in the house and was trusted by her boss.

Social Effects of Media Anonymity Research Paper

Social Effects of Media Anonymity - Research Paper Example Anonymity is one of the Internet’s attractions that allow users to surf endlessly without being known. You can make comments, you can divulge or keep some secrets, you can criticize people or even the powers that be without being known, or you can express and find love even if you are shy. But like any other medium, it is also being abused by people – criminals, dissidents, opportunists, etc., people who want to do their thing with deceit, or say something against people and just vanish into cyberspace. Internet anonymity is said to be a double-edged sword. This is because while this is being safeguarded by the U.S. Constitution, as upheld by the Supreme Court, it is also used to suppress other people’s rights and not be held responsible or accountable for their actions. There are many good things that the Internet can offer. You can ask for help for an immediate reply, you can promote good governance or preserve the environment using its many features, and the p reacher can even preach worldwide using the Web; we can even protect ourselves by being anonymous. But the criminal too can do his/her thing without being known. How is it possible to be anonymous on the Internet? Let’s start with this revolutionary technology – how it all started? The Internet’s identity is reproduced by a mix of fandom community, commerce and business, linked by technologies that are both private and publicly owned and variously regulated. The Internet came into existence as the result of numerous factors, accidents, passions, collisions, and tensions; these tensions are between economic and regulatory factors and communicative practices (Lister et al 163). It is possible to regulate anonymity on the Internet. Internet experts say that in theory, it is not really that impossible to remain anonymous because an Internet user can almost always be identified by the IP number and can be traced back through the ISP (Internet Service Provider) to det ermine his/or her identity (Lambert 8).

Diversity & inclusion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity & inclusion - Research Paper Example American legislation has shown progressive development in the past few decades when it comes to children with special needs. One of the major transformations taken by legislation was from The Education for All Handicapped Children act to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. All these changes and development have ensured that individuals with special needs are provided with all the necessary support they require from society and state in order to have access to appropriate education. The main focus of this law is to ensure that special emphasis is put on individuals instead of their disability and state provides them with all the sources required for education either in a public schools or any other facility under individualized education programs. These individualized programs require extensive evaluation in order to ascertain disability of the child, and referrals of IEP teams. According to Gargiulo (2006), "The journey from referral to assessment to the development of an IE P and eventual placement in the most appropriate environment is a comprehensive process incorporating many different phases (p. 59). All these phases are outlined by IDEA (2004) and have been made broader in order to include needs of children with disability, their parents and teachers with a goal to ensure that these children have all the opportunities to acquire education from the inception. 2. Key Components of ‘The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) 1975’ ... b) Non-discriminatory Identification and Evaluation With the help of this clause, necessary protection was provided to children with culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The mandate ensured that misidentification of students with special needs is refrained and placement of children in special education programs is just. For this purpose, assessment is performed in child’s primary language, conducted by qualified professionals, customized to examine specific areas requiring attention, consist of at least two procedures, should reflect non-discrimination against any disability and a multidisciplinary team proficient in child’s disability is involved in the administration of this assessment (â€Å"Current Legislation†, n.d). c) Individualized Education Program (IEP) An education program should be designed for children with identified disability with the help of a team called IEP team (comprising of professionals, parents and other personnel) who would annually develop or update such programs (â€Å"Current Legislation†, n.d). d) Least Restrictive Environment This provision indicates that necessary effort should be made to ensure that children who are disabled should be educated with children having no disability until unless this educational setting does not meet the needs of every child. e) Due Process This mandate allows parents to contest educational provisions and disability programs designed for their children. Hence, multiple rights are provided to parents for reviewing educational provisions before and after placement of their child. f) Parental Participation This mandate allows parents to participate in placement and IEP development along with evaluation regarding children’s progress

Fiscal and monetary policy theories and application Essay

Fiscal and monetary policy theories and application - Essay Example Fiscal policy entails the processes through which the government achieves major economic goals through taxes and government spending. The government collects tax and spends it to achieve economic development. Taxation is one of the key avenues though which governments collect revenues from local and foreign residents. Three main aspects that make up fiscal policy include consumption, investment and government spending. In this sense, the government relies on the three aspects of demand to achieve desired economic goals. The desired economic goals include full employment, price stability, economic growth, and maintenance of a favorable balance of payment, The three aspects add up to determine the equilibrium level of the gross domestic product. On the other hand, monetary policies refer to the manipulations of interest rates and money supply to achieve various economic ends. The economic ends are similar in the sense that they entail full employment, economic growth, price stability, and a favorable balance of payment. This suggests that the fiscal policies and the monetary policies possess the same goals. In the regulation of the money in circulation, central bank adjusts the interest rate that entails the price of borrowing money. In the history of economics, different schools of thought vouch for different policies. The fiscalists rely on the Keynesian school of thought in stabilizing the economy. This school of thought believes that fiscal policies are the only effective measure of instigating economic growth during a period of recession in a country. In turn, monetary policies are ineffective in stirring economic growth during a recession in a country.

The various potential opportunities for investment in the Essay

The various potential opportunities for investment in the international marketplace - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is foreign investment as summation of the equity capital which is measured in balance of payments. It may be long-term as well as short-term capital. It also refers to the inflows to acquire management power. Foreign investment is a measure of ownership of different assets such as buildings, factories and mines among others. Apart from these, economic globalization can be said to occur with the increase of foreign investment. Mainly, there are two types of foreign investment i.e. inward foreign investment and outward foreign investment. Foreign investment creates confidence among the investors into markets even in difficult situations and times. Foreign investment aims at developing attention by a resident entity of an economy (known as ‘direct investor’) in a unit resident of the other economy. The association in between the direct investor and the direct investment should last for a longer phase of time. Direct investment includes the initial transaction and the capital transaction and builds a healthy relationship between them. It is the type of investment that is made to acquire an effective control over the enterprise. Inward direct investment creates a value for net inflows of foreign direct investment and outward direct investment creates a value for net outflows of foreign direct investment. Inward direct investments are mainly made by non-resident investors and net outflows are made by residents of the enterprise. Foreign direct investment also bears the transfer of new technology in order to improve the management skills. (United Nations, n.d.). Portfolio Diversification Portfolio diversification is mainly done to reduce the risks that combine a number of investments such as real estate, bonds and stocks among others. To reduce the risk in portfolio is the main purpose of diversification. Diversifications lessen the potentiality and are more concerned about the performance that covers an extensive range of the economic conditions. Portfolio diversification creates a reduction in company-specific risk as with the increase in portfolio of assets or products an organization in its possession holds more than one product, which helps to significantly reduce any risk arriving from adverse condition of a product (Driessen & Laeven, n.d.). Reasons To Invest Internationally Major reasons to invest in foreign market are the growth and the development of an enterprise. By the proper development of the enterprise, it can emerge in markets very effectively. Certain investment risks are also found in foreign companies and their markets. Foreign investment is determined upon a few of the crucial factors such as economic growth and demand of investment for goods and services. High demand of goods is also beneficial as it can help to capture the market for a longer period of time. Every enterprise has a motive of earning huge amount of profit so they endeavor to invest internationally. Competition is one of the reasons to invest internationally and broaden the market. For accessing the foreign markets various types of strategies and valuable measures should be taken in order to increase the market size. At times, investing in foreign markets turn out to be complex and for this, the investor should invest through mutual funds in order to participate in the global markets (First

Humans In Biological And Behavioral Continuum Essay

Humans In Biological And Behavioral Continuum - Essay Example In the behavioral and biological continuum, different animal species hold different positions. The determinant of this categorization based on a quantitative, rather than a qualitative approach. Humans rank as the most intelligent of all the other primates. This is the case if we define intelligence depending on thought patterns and ability to solve problems. Intelligence is a product of brain organ, which all primates own. The differences in intelligence level between human beings and other primates, therefore, rest on the differences in the capabilities of their brain matter. Human beings have a relatively larger brain as compared to chimpanzees and other primates, however, their brain processes and functions are the same (Lewis, Jurmain & Kilgore, 2010). Both human beings and other primates portray an array of related behavior. Parental love is vital for them all. The offspring of both humans and other primates need parental love, failure to which their growth will not be successful and whole, and will reflect in their adulthood years. All primate species show their need for bonding with others. In their early developmental years, young humans and other young primates depend on their older counterparts for general learning and adaptation to their new environment. Older members of human and other primates’ population are charged with the role of nurturing the young ones. All primates, including humans, react differently to different situations. The difference is that humans demonstrate a more adept degree of feelings and emotions such as cruelty, aggression, tenderness, altruism, and compassion. Humans can differentiate between ‘good’ and ‘evil’, unlike chimpanzees that do not even feel grief.

Criminal Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Criminal Law - Case Study Example Alan has a paranoid personality and is prone to depression. Betty is Alan's girlfriend. She is having an affair with Clive and does not conceal this fact form Alan who feels demeaned and angry. Betty comes home form the pub one day and announces to Alan that she is going to leave him for Clive. She packs her bags and goes. Not knowing what to do, Alan picks up a hunting rifle and goes in search of Clive. He looks through the pub window and sees both Betty and Clive together. Whilst taking aim at Clive with the rifle, Dennis, an old friend from the pub, staggers over Alan and gives him a hard slap on the back. Alan stumbles whilst pulling the trigger and shoots a paraffin lamp on the bar. It ignites and the pub catches fire. The landlord of the pub, Ed, has piled crates in front of the fire exits so the only escape is through the narrow door. Clive dies in the fire and Betty collapses in an attempted escape. She is taken to the hospital but is diagnosed as being in a 'persistent veget ative state." She receives life support treatment. After one month, however, Doctor Fiona decides that Betty is unlikely to ever again consciousness and so authorizes the termination of life support. Benny dies two weeks after.In order to arrive answer to each of the questions, let us take first an overview on how criminal liability may be incurred in the commission of an offense in the United Kingdom and the available defences he can utilize to lessen or even negate his criminal liability. The Concept of Crime and Criminal Liability In almost all criminal laws, crime is defined as an act or omission in violation of an established law of the place where the crime was committed. Act refers to an overt movement of any part of the body, while omission refers to one's failure to act or to perform a lawful duty which he is obliged to do. In order for an act or omission to be considered as a crime, there must be a law punishing that act or requiring a person to perform such lawful duty. Such laws may be the common law that are utilized in the United Kingdom, or a statute, like the Modern Penal Code, which is passed by the legislature of countries like the United States. Crime is a generic term. It is used interchangeably with the term felony, violation or infraction by the criminal law of other countries. In the United Kingdom, an act or omission punishable by law is called as "offence." The violator may be termed as offender or defendant. A crime may be committed against a person like murder, against a property like theft, and against honor like defamation or intriguing against honor. When a person commits an offence, he is usually subjected to two liabilities. First is the civil liability which is the payment of the damages capable of pecuniary estimation in monetary form; and the second is the criminal liability which will subject the offender to life imprisonment, imprisonment for several years, or even death sentence, if found guilty. This research will only discuss that offences that can be committed against persons in the United Kingdom, the criminal liability the offender may incur, and the available defences he can utilize to lessen or even negate his criminal liability. Actus Reus and Mens Rea Under the English common law, criminal liability could only be incurred if two of its essential elements are present which are the actus reus and the mens rea. These essential requisites of criminal liability were based on the common law jurisdiction of the United Kingdom and are expressed in the Latin principle "actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea," which means "an act does not make a person guilty unless (his) mind is

Identification Discussion Essay Example for Free

Identification Discussion Essay Through his 1946 Politics and the English Language article, author George Orwell discusses some of the challenges facing the English language. For example, the author descries the phenomenon whereby writers in English are increasingly using many and complicated words that effectively blurs their real meanings. In addition, Orwell laments that many writers are using regurgitated words and phrases rather than devise and employ their own fresh phrases. Orwell observes that the existing bad language is deteriorating the thoughts of the populace. In turn, he explains that such usage of bad language corrupts people’s thoughts. Further, the author holds that unclear language is indispensable to politics because it helps in hiding fallacies and atrocious phenomena. Language thus makes unacceptable things to appear tolerable besides concealing the details of certain issues (Orwell, 1946). All in all, Orwell’s pitch is that bad language contributes to poor politics; the complaint is that he is decrying the decadence of the English language, while the moment is that the author requires his audience to demonstrate caution when using the English language. For example, Orwell states that bad language and poor politics are intertwined because unclear expressions are useful political tools. In effect, poor language is employed to glorify war, as well as to cunningly conceal atrocities. The author thus views the English language as having undergone a dangerous transformation of adopting rigid orthodoxy and rejecting innovativeness. Readers are thus cautioned against blindly adhering to such lethargic English language conventions. In conclusion, through the Politics and the English Language treatise, Orwell criticizes the general decadence in the English language that has resulted from orthodoxy and general indolence. He thus observes that such language contributes to bad politics and cautions readers against being ensnared by such lethargic orthodoxy.

Comparison Of Two Learning Theories Education Essay

Comparison Of Two Learning Theories Education Essay Learning is a persisting changes in performance or performance potential that result from experience and interaction with the world (Driscoll, 2000, p.3). The way we process information is as individual as our genetic makeup, but research has shown that there are many different types of learning theories used for classroom education. (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007; Weimer, 2002; Steiner, Floyd, Hewett, Lewis, Walker, 2010). The theories of behaviorist and cognitivist are important to compare because they are a part of the basic foundations in which other learning theories have been formed. In order to apply learning theories to nursing practice, the need to understand the basis of different theories is important. Theories have been researched and tested and have some importance as to how things work across different situations and circumstances. Theories can give some consistent ways of looking at classroom practice and some rational explanations for what happens within th e class. Philosophy Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In defining behavior, behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. Behavior is directed by stimuli. An individual selects one response instead of another because of prior conditioning and psychological drives existing at the moment of the action (Parkay Hass, 2000). In education, this type of learning falls into the reward/punishment category. The rewards must be important to the learner in order to give the incentive to respond favorably. Cognitive science began a move from behavioristic practices which emphasized external behavior, to a concern with the internal mental processes of the mind and how they could be utilized in promoting effective learning. The models that had been developed in the behaviorist tradition were not disregarded, but instead the task analysis and learner analysis parts of the models were elaborated on. Cognitivism is based on the thought process behind the observations. Changes in behavior are detected and perceived to be an indicator of what was happening inside the mind. The new models addressed component processes of learning such as knowledge coding and representation, information storage and retrieval as well as the incorporation and integration of new knowledge with previous information. (Saettler, 1990) Origins and Authors The foundation of Behaviorism, trace its roots to the early part of the 20th century. This was during a time when many psychologists emphasized self-analysis of mental processes (introspection) or the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. In contrast, researchers like Ivan Pavlov, began to develop a framework which emphasized observable processes (environmental stimuli and behavioral responses). (Kentridge, 2007) Originators and important contributors to behaviorism believed that learning is confined to observational and measurable behavior. The two major schools of thought are based on ideas from Pavlov who showed classical conditioning and Skinner who believed in operant conditioning. One of the most famous experiments on classical conditioning is from Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov originally was doing an experiment regarding the role of salivation in digestion. From his observations, Pavlov noticed when his assistant brought meat into the laboratory; the dogs being used for in this experiment would automatically start to salivate. Further research into this phenomenon formed the famous Pavlovs stimulus and response experiment, known now as classic conditioning. Classic conditioning is a four-step learning procedure involving reflexes. (Fig. 1) http://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html Fig. 1 Pavlovs Dog Experiment During classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning, human and animal subjects change the magnitude and timing of their conditioned response (CR), as a result of the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). Whereas in classical conditioning, the US and the CS determine the form of the CR, in operant conditioning the strength and frequency, but not the form, of the response is independent of the US. (Schmajuk, 2007) B.F. Skinner (1974) coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior. Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. In essence, Skinner believed we are what we have been reinforced for being (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 76). Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings (i.e., behavior modification) as well as teaching (i.e., classroom management) and instructional development (e.g., programmed instruction). This theory states that when learning is rewarded, behavior is perpetuated or maintained, while punished behavior is removed. In the classic experiment of Skinner Box, a rat may receive a food reward every time he presses the bar. He presses faster and faster. (Fig 2). http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html Fig. 2 Skinners Rat Box The major techniques used in operant conditioning are: Positive reinforcement increasing a behavior by administering a reward. Negative reinforcement increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when a behavior occurs Punishment decreasing a behavior by administering an aversive stimulus Extinction decreasing a behavior by not rewarding it. Albert Bandura thought Skinners theories were too simplistic although he also believed many of the psychological constructs of previous psychological thought were far too laid back, and were neither problem-solving nor action-oriented (Bandura, 1997). He believed in reciprocal determinism, that is, the world and a persons behavior cause each other, while behaviorism essentially states that ones environment causes ones behavior, Bandura, who was studying adolescent aggression, found this too simplistic, and so in addition he suggested that behavior causes environment as well. Later, Bandura soon considered personality as an interaction between three components: the environment, behavior, and ones psychological processes (ones ability to entertain images in minds and language). (Bandura, 1997) Cognitivism considers the learner as an information processor, much like that of a computer. It believes that the black box of the mind should be opened and understood. The information comes in, is processed and leads to certain outcomes. The concept believed that people are not just like rats that respond to stimuli but rather, they are rational thinking human beings that require active participation to learn. There are four major contributors to the Cognitivists theory. Howard Gardner believed that students learn in different ways. According to Gardner, we are all able to know the world through language, logical-mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical thinking, and the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves. Where individuals differ is in the strength of these intelligences the so-called profile of intelligences -and in the ways in which such intelligences are invoked and combined to carry out different tasks, solve diverse problems, and progress in various domains. (Gardner, 1991) Fig. 3 -Multiple intelligences Robert Gangne developed information processing theory identified eight levels of intellectual skills including: signal, stimulus-response, chaining, verbal association, multiple discrimination, concept formation, principle formation and problem solving. He also explained that there are five areas of learning outcomes: verbal information; intellectual skills; cognitive strategies; motor skills and attitudes. www.classweb.gmu.edu Fig. 4-Levels of Intelligence Allan Paivio discovered Dual coding theory that states people process information in two different ways; processing of images and the processing of language. Fig http://cslsrv.ice.ntnu.edu.tw/LabNews/Minutes01S/20010412joseph.htm Fig. 5- Dual Coding Theory Benjamin Bloom described six levels of learning in his model of critical thinking. These levels are also known as Blooms Txaonomy. . http://taspd.edublogs.org/2007/04/23/revised-blooms-taxonomy/ Fig. 6- Blooms Taxonomy Literature Review The two movements differ particularly in their views on behavior. Behaviorism, whose research subjects were mostly animals, views behavior as an irreducible consequence of environmental stimuli, whereas Cognitivism, whose research subjects are often humans, sees behavior as a point from which to abstract the mental processes behind the behavior. Skinners studies of operant behaviors have become very useful in the field of learning and cognition (Corey, 2009). Studies have shown that behavior can be conditioned by reinforcements, positively, which increases the probability of the behavior happening again, or negatively, which decreases the probability the behavior will happen again (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009). Skinners theories still remain in wide use, helping users understand and control behaviors in many disciplines as well as in issues ranging from advertising to parenting (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009). According to Corey (2009), the research of Kazdin (2001) and Spiegler Guevremont (2003) revealed that behavioral therapy is generally as effective as alternative therapies, and in some instances, more effective. The Cognitive Learning Theory supports the idea that learning includes different kinds of memories, motivation and thinking. One of the other important factors is that of reflection. Those that promote Cognitivsm believe that the learning process is internal and depends on memorized information from pre-existing knowledge. (Ausubel, 1974) The theory argues that the degree of which a person learns is not affected by the ability and quality of mental processing. (Craik Tulving, 1975; Craik Tulving, 1975) Cognitivism maintains that memory is stored by using a connective pattern of information that networks with other patterns by means of some type of a relationship. (Stoyanova Kommers, 2002) Use in Nursing Education Writing behavioral-based instructional objectives seems to specify clear, measurable terms to assist learners. According to Morrison (2001), behavior based objectives become the end rather than the means for instruction. Morrison continues to point out that cognitive focused instructional objectives overcome this problem by first stating a general objective to communicate the intent. Additionally, they observe that cognitive objectives are well suited for describing higher levels of learning. (Morrison et al., 2001, p. 97) In behaviorism, the learner is actively involved in learning, practicing, and demonstrating new behaviors and is extremely dependent on receiving feedback from the educator. The educator is responsible for identifying behavioral outcomes, controlling the environment, and providing feedback. Current use of behaviorism in education is most often associated with education and training (Merriam et al., 2007). Behaviorism does well in education because it promotes good behavior and recognizes that unwanted behavior has consequences. Students learn by observing and interpreting the behavior, and associated consequences, of others in a process termed vicarious reinforcement or modeling (Bandura, 1977). Learning by modeling involves a complex process of interpreting, coding, and retaining the information for future application, then engaging in the modeled behavior (Bandura, 1969). Cognitivists have influenced educational strategies by including prior knowledge in influencing how new information is digested. Cognitive learning theorists believe that learning is an internal process in which information is integrated or internalized into ones cognitive or intellectual structure. Learning occurs through internal processing of information. From the cognitive viewpoint, how new information is presented is important. In the first or cognitive phase of learning, the student learns the overall picture of what the task is and the sequences involved. In the second, or fixation learning phase, the learner begins to gain skill in performing the task. In the last phase of learning, the automatic phase, the student gains increasing confidence and competence in performing the task. (Elias et al., 1984) Personal Use I believe that we all use a part of the behaviorists way of learning, to some extent. We all like to be awarded for the work or behavior that we have accomplished. We know there are repercussions and consequences for not adhering to the rules. Our behaviors represent how we are perceived by others in society. The determination of how others behave is by the use of checks and balances of stimuli and response. The way we act and/or behave, teaches people how to respond to us. I believe that I am motivated to learn and acquire more knowledge. The ability to mentally organize, rehearse and comprehend new learning materials is one I strive to obtain. The motivation that has driven me to succeed in both by personal and professional lives has been founded on realistic and challenging goals. Conclusion There are many different ways of learning and teaching. Two of the earliest methods of learning can still utilized in todays classroom. The foundation of theories helps us as a framework to base our learning and teaching upon. We can use positive and negative reinforcement as well as modeling to teach our students how to absorb and maintain new materials. Behaviorism is a teacher based concept full of structure and rules. Examples are class lectures, note taking and role modeling. Cognitivist used a student based concept in which students can find out information by themselves by using case studies, research and discussions. These two types of learning theories can help to shape our future generations.

Narco Analysis And Brain Mapping Tests

Narco Analysis And Brain Mapping Tests

A Painful Childhood Experience Essay example -- essays research papers

Painful Childhood Experiences In a child’s world, there is always a lot of imagination. Children create worlds of their own out of their familiar surroundings, despite what adults tell them. The only way to let them realize the truth is to make them experience it, as Rosaura from â€Å"The Stolen Party† and An-mei from â€Å"Scar† do in their lives. Liliana Heker’s â€Å"The Stolen Party† and Amy Tan’s â€Å"Scar† share a similar theme. Both stories follow the perceptions of young girls. Although Tan’s â€Å"Scar† and Heker’s â€Å"The Stolen Party† share a distinct resemblance, they also differ. Rosaura suffers the pain that others give to her, but An-mei suffers it from her loved ones, such as her grandmother. The main similarity is that both Rosaura and An-mei suffered from the painful circumstances of their lives. Rosaura convinces herself that Luciana is her friend and that she has been invited to Luciana’s birthday party as any other guests. For Rosaura, there is the proof that every afternoon she goes to Luciana’s house and they do their homework together. That is all the evidence Rosaura needs to consider herself a friend to Luciana. She even helps out with some chores during the party thinking she has some sort of â€Å"special† status in the house because of her familiarity with Luciana’s home, as Heker states, â€Å"Rosaura was the only one allowed into the kitchen. Senora Ines, Luciana’s mother also says, â€Å"You yes, but not the others, they’re much too boisterous, they might break something.† Rosaura ha...

A Writers Choice Essay -- Writing Style Styles Essays

A Writer's Choice "The words we use to communicate our impressions cannot alone constitute a vocabulary sufficient to describe style, but they are part of one†¦" (Williams 18-19). This excerpt from Joseph M. Williams' Style Toward Clarity and Grace conveys a common theme in his book: Style is complex, and it is a matter of choice. Although writers across the nation may have been taught similar features of style and therefore produce similar products, they may choose to use or disregard those elements of style at will. Writing parallels many other versatile fields - such as art, music, and dance - with the notion that in order to break the rules, one must first understand them. A creator needs a foundation to build on; in writing and style, this foundation is a combination of accuracy, consistency, clarity, and concision. Accuracy is arguably a facet of style. With their list of commonly misused words and expressions in Elements of Style, Strunk and White stress the importance of using language correctly and even identify its relationship with style. "Many of the words and expressions listed here are not so much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing" (39). The authors do acknowledge that there is no ultimate authority who deems which words must be used over others, but their matter-of-fact tone and occasional jabs at writers who misuse certain words seem to forecast misfortunes for those who do not follow a recommended word usage. Williams is less concerned about such strict guidelines because "not all of us will agree on what counts as correct" (170). He attributes some rules to folklore, some to special formality, and a lot to personal choice. However, he acknowledges that precision may be ne... ...ingway was a renowned author said to have a distinct style: short sentences and paragraphs that used simple vocabulary. He also tended to avoid putting commas in places where many writers and language experts - Strunk and White, for example - would deem them necessary. And he won a Pulitzer Prize. Despite their solid rules and guidelines, Strunk and White never impose their own definition of style. Williams doesn't either; he depicts it, however, not as one entity but a flexible, evolving collection of writing applications. One can conclude, then, that style ultimately comes down to the methods that writers define and use to create their end results. Works Cited Strunk, William, and White, E.B. The Elements of Style. Needham, NY: Allyn & Bacon, 2000, 1979. Williams, Joseph M. Style Toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Chemistry Titration Acid Base Lab Essay

Question: What effect does an indicators pH range have on the end point of the titration of vinegar and 1.00 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide solution? Equation: CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯ NaCH3COO (aq) + HOH (l) Data Collection Table A: Table Representing the Initial Volume of NaOH in the Burette, the Final Volume of NaOH in the Burette and the Difference between Those Values for Specific Trials When Using Different Indicators. There were a minimum of three trials performed for this lab as there needed to be three of the same difference between the final and initial burette readings of the sodium hydroxide. This is due to the fact that a titration lab requires one to acquire three of the same values for this section to understand the exact amount of base required to reach the endpoint of the reaction. Indicator Initial Volume of NaOH solution (ml)  ±0.05 Final Volume of NaOH solution (ml)  ±0.05 Difference Between the Final and Initial Burette Readings (Volume of NaOH used) (ml)  ±0.1 Qualitative Observations 1. Calculate the Initial Concentration of Acetic Acid Before Diluted With Distilled Water C1V1 = C2V2 C1= C2V2 V1 C1= (0.09mol/dm3)(0.1L) (0.01L) Concentration of Acetic Acid Before Dilution = 0.9mol/dm3 Sample Calculation B: Calculating Percent Uncertainty for the Volume of Sodium Hydroxide Needed for Different Indicators Example: Bromocresol Green =Ãâ€" =25.0% Sample Calculation C: Calculating the Percent Error Percent error )Ãâ€"100 ) Ãâ€"100 =0.034% Sample Calculation D: Propagating Uncertainty for the Volume of Sodium Hydroxide Required for Each Indicator = (0.9 ±0.1) + (1.5 ±0.1) + (0.2 ±0.1) + (2.9 ±0.1) + (0.4 ±0.1) = 5.9ml ±0.1 Graph A: Titration curve of the Amount of Sodium Hydroxide Required to Reach the Endpoint for Different Indicators Tested Graph B: Titrations curve of a strong base and weak acid. Approximately 9.2 is the pH of the equivalence point as seen in the graph. Conclusion This lab required one to determine the different volumes of sodium hydroxide base required to reach the end point of a titration with acetic acid as the analyte when using different indicators. The equation is as followed: CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯ NaCH3COO (aq) + HOH (l) It was determined that phenolphthalein was the best indicator for use in this lab. This is due to the fact that the vinegar that was used in class has an acetic acid concentration of 0.87 mol/L which is 5.0% acetic acid (Meheen, n.a). In the lab, phenolphthalein required 0.90 mol/L of the sodium hydroxide solution in order for a color change to take place (endpoint was reached). This value is fairly close the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar used in the lab, therefore, phenolphthalein was the most accurate of indicators used in this titration lab. Through research it has been determined that phenolphthalein should have, in fact, been the best indicator of use. Phenolphthalein has a pH range between 8.0 to 9.8 which is an appropriate range for a weak acid strong base titration. This is because the equivalence point for this titration will take place at a point of pH approximate to 9 which falls into the pH range for the indicator phenolphthalein. This can be seen in Graph B. This equivalence point will be greater than 8.7 as the weak acid (vinegar) only partially dissociates and releases a little amount of its hydrogen ions, making it a weak acid. On the other hand, sodium hydroxide contains sodium acetate which raises the pH considerably of the vinegar as it is fairly basic. Therefore, the equivalence point will be greater than seven and more specifically approximate to 9. All of the indicators that were used did not have a pH range above 9 except for phenolphthalein. This is the reason why phenolphthalein was the best indicat or. Graph A illustrates the different volumes of sodium hydroxide that was needed to reach the endpoint of the reaction when being added to a solution of vinegar using various indicators. The least amount of sodium hydroxide required to reach the endpoint of the reaction for the indicators used are displayed as followed: methyl orange, bromocresol green, phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue and methyl red. Many indicators were used to determine which one was right for this specific lab. It was necessary to determine which indicator was correct for this lab. This can be explained by the equivalence and endpoint. The equivalence point is the point of the reaction when one has added the correct amount of the base to the acid. However, the endpoint is the point in which the indicator changes color. Error bars are not present on the graphs displayed as titration labs require one to do continue experimentation for a test using a specific indicator until they have obtained a value for the differen ce between the final and initial burette readings (volume of NaOH used) a minimum of three times. The vinegar had a pH or approximately 2.4 making it highly acidic (Rousseau, 2012). Therefore, the equilibrium will be on the left. However, when the sodium hydroxide basic solution was added to the vinegar, the equilibrium started to shift more to the right. For instance, when base was being added to the vinegar solution with the indicator Bromocresol green, the color of the solution turned from yellow to green. When the green color is seen, the end point has been reached however, if the color becomes blue then over-titration has taken place, therefore shifting equilibrium even further to the right. There were few anomalous results that arose during the course of the lab. For instance, for the test using phenolphthalein, one trial had a considerably larger difference between the final and initial burette readings (volume of NaOH used) of 1.4ml. The other trials all had a difference of 0.9ml for using this specific indicator. This can be seen in all tests using different indicators except one represented in data collection table A, Bromocresol green. This proves that there were systematic and/or random errors that took place during the lab. Evaluation There were few errors that took place during the course of experimentation. These errors could have negligibly affected the results obtained throughout the process. One considerable error that took place was making the sodium hydroxide solution. 1gram of white crystalline sodium hydroxide pellets were required in order to create the solution. Unfortunately, while the pellets were being measured on the electronic balance they interacted with moisture from the air. Additionally, the pellets were put in the volumetric flask when water that would subsequently mix with these pellets was being measured in the graduated cylinder. Therefore, there was lot of time before the water was placed in the volumetric flask for the sodium hydroxide pellets to absorb moisture from the air. This is a concern as solid sodium hydroxide has the formula NaOH (s). Additionally in air there is carbon dioxide (CO2). The formula for the reaction between this carbon dioxide and the solid sodium hydroxide is as f ollows: 2 NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O Therefore, the hydroxide from the sodium hydroxide and the oxygen from carbon dioxide combine to from water (H2O) which affects the results that were obtained in the lab (ATSDR, 2011). This is because the sodium hydroxide concentration in the solution that was made to act as the base, would have decreased as the pellets reacted with air to form water. It would have been beneficial to purchase the specific amount (in grams) of sodium hydroxide pellets that was necessary for this experiment (1gram). This would ensure the sodium hydroxide pellets would not react with the carbon dioxide in air for very long before being put in the volumetric flask with water added. This is because there would be no need to measure these pellets on the electronic balance. A very common error with titration labs is that over-titration often occurs. This is the point in which too much titrant is added to the analyte during a trial. Therefore, the reaction passed the endpoint as too much of the basic sodium hydroxide was added to the acidic vinegar solution containing acetic acid. Unfortunately, this took place for most trials. For instance, phenolphthalein reaches its endpoint when it changes from being clear and transparent to becoming a light shade of pink. Though this may be, for all of our trials when using this indicator the color became a hot pink shade proving that over-titration had taken place. An improvement for this component of the lab is simple. An improvement to control this error would be to use a burette with a smaller opening. This is because the endpoint can be overshot quite easily and this would ensure the error would not take place. It would have been best to manage the amount of base entering the beaker as much as possible with greater accuracy. An additional error that took place was how the stopcock was not entirely effective. This is due to the fact that when the stopcock was turned to close the burette opening, little droplets of sodium hydroxide would still pour into the beaker. This means that if the solution had reached the endpoint and additional droplets were leaked from the beaker an inaccurate reading of the sodium hydroxide in the burette would be recorded. This error could have been improved by using a BT50 digital burette (Bibby, 2010). This burette would ensure that a considerably small amount of sodium hydroxide would be discharged from the device at most. A button will be pressed to stop the base from entering the beaker containing the acid electronically. The accuracy of this instrument is within  ±0.2%, and precision is better than 0.1% allowing for the most accurate of results to be obtained. Temperature should have been controlled throughout the process as it does play a role in affecting the data obtained in a titration lab. The volumetric glassware used for the purpose of this lab is calibrated at 20oC and a higher temperature of a solution would result in it holding a greater volume than desired (Atkins). Since the room temperature is approximately 24oC it can be assumed that the temperature of the solutions used in the experiment were greater than 20oC. Therefore, these solutions can expand and the concentration in molarity would decrease. Therefore it would have been beneficial to keep the temperature of the acid and base constant at 20oC. This could have been achieved by using an alcohol thermometer. If the temperature for the acid and base were not 20oC, than it would either need to be placed in the refrigerator if the solution was too hot or would need to be put in a beaker and on a hot plate to reach the desired temperature. The temperature for each indicator that was used was not consistent throughout the lab. This is because the temperature of the room changed throughout experimentation. The door in the classroom was open to get rid of the stench from a lab done in the previous class. Therefore, the temperature of the classroom was gradually getting colder and colder. A consistent temperature for each indicator would ensure that the pH range for a color change would not increase or decrease. This is because with a decrease in temperature there is less ionization that takes place allowing the pKa value to increase and therefore, the color change will occur at a higher pH. To ensure all the temperatures of the indicators were kept consistent throughout the lab it would have been beneficial to use an alcohol thermometer and place it in the indicator solution before conducting the trial (ChemBuddy, 2009). If the temperature changed for one trial, the indicator would either need to be placed in the refrigerator if the solution was too hot or would need to be put in a beaker and on a hot plate to reach the desired temperature. The table below represents how temperature can affect the pH range for a color change for specific indicators. To ensure this does not occur, the lab should be taken out in a room with no windows so the temperature does not change. The table below represents how the endpoint changes with a change in the temperature of an indicator. Indicator Color Change Range 18oC 100 °C Methyl Orange 3.1-4.4 2.5-3.7 Methyl Red 4.4-6.2 4.0-6.0 Phenolphthalein 8.2-9.8 8.1-9.0 Quoted from Chemia analityczna, J.Minczewski Z.Marczenko, PWN, Warszawa 1973. Another error was that there were bubbles in the burette tube. When the sodium hydroxide solution was poured in the burette it was done quite quickly creating many bubbles in the beaker. Unfortunately, my group could not afford rinsing the solution out and pouring in more sodium hydroxide solution because we wanted to ensure we had enough of the solution for the whole lab. Therefore the bubbles caused an inaccurate volume reading. The bubbles occupy a particular amount of volume and this means that the volume in the burette would in fact be less than the amount reported during trials. Since the bubbles all formed near the stopcock it would have been best to pour the sodium hydroxide solution into a waste beaker in hopes that the bubbles would be eliminated before beginning the trial. This is because the pressure of the titrant in a burette will force the bubbles out. Unfortunately, in some cases the bubbles remain near the stopcock. If this is the case, it would be best to use a suction method approach. This involves one to partially open the stopcock allowing the contents of the burette to discharge in the beaker. Then, they will use the pipet bulb to suck air from the bubbles through the nozzle of the burette. This will drive out the air bubbles present in the solution out of the beaker into the suction device. One must ensure that the sodium hydroxide that was poured in the beaker during this process is accounted for by slowing pouring in the amount necessary in the burette for the trial to begin. One experimental error that was unavoidable was the cleaning of the burette before using it. It was necessary to clean the burette using water, as it may have had some residue or contamination from a previous experiment. Additionally this residue could have affected the pH of the sodium hydroxide solution that was to be put in the beaker for the purpose of this titration lab. However, there were some droplets of water left on the sides of the beaker after it was cleansed which would have decreased the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution that was subsequently poured in this material and lowered the pH level of the sodium hydroxide solution as water is neutral (pH of 7.0). With a lower concentration of sodium hydroxide in the base, the pH would have decreased therefore allowing more of this base to be added to the vinegar in order for the endpoint to be reached in a reaction. This is due to the fact that sodium hydroxide is a highly basic solution and water is neutral. When they are mixed the pH of the solution will be lower than the initial pH of the sodium hydroxide solution. An improvement for the lab could have been to detect the pH of the acid –base titration once it has reached the endpoint using a pH meter. This was one of the limitations in this acid-base titration lab as the indicators that were used did not show a change in color at an exact value of pH but only changed in a specific range of the pH. For example, the indicator Bromocresol green changes the color of the solution of a pH range between 3.8 to 5.4. This range is considerably large resulting in one to obtain results that are not necessarily the most accurate. An improvement for this component of the lab would have been to use a pH meter. A pH meter is a device that that measures the pH of a solution by determining the voltage of the solution by immersing two electrodes in it. Then, the reading device will present the pH value. This would have led for the most reliable pH readings to be obtained and the correct amount of sodium hydroxide to be added to the acidic solution. The lab could have been furthered in several ways. It would have been interesting to test these different indicators and the amount of sodium hydroxide required for the end points to be shown when using a strong acid and base. At the equivalence point the same amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions will form water, therefore having a pH of 7. For instance, if hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were used the following reaction would take place: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) –> H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) –> H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) –> H2O(l) The first equation displays the reaction between the strong acid and strong base. The second reaction displays the HCl and NaOH dissociated in their respective ions. The last equation is known as the net ionic equation which eliminates the spectator ions from the previous equation. This proves that water will be produced. The neutralisation reaction will take place because salt will also be formed. This is because the anion from the dissociation of the strong acid and the cation from the dissociation of the strong base will come together to form the salt. The salt is not seen the net ionic equation as it dissociates. For this acid base titration lab it was legitimate to compare the outcomes with other classmates to determine if there were any anomalies between the data that was obtained. This is because it would have provided one with the knowledge of the types of errors that occurred and how much it affected their data. For instance, Sarah and I compared our results with Rachel Hung and Yashna Lakhani’s group. Yashna and Rachel’s groups provided information upon different indicators and some of the ones my group used as well. When comparing with the data of these groups it was determined that all of the results were mostly exactly the same or off by 0.1ml for the difference between the final and initial burette readings. For instance, for phenolphthalein, the value my group obtained for this was 0.9ml however, Yashna’s group got 1.0ml. This could have been due to a human error known as a parallax. A difference of 0.1ml could have taken place as one of our groups were unable to determine the position of the meniscus on the burette and therefore, the wrong readings of sodium hydroxide solution could have be collected. An acid base titration has several uses. One of the main real life uses of this experiment is to mix compounded drugs. A pharmacist will need to mix drugs appropriately in order for them to be in the appropriate pH range for the human body. Antacids are commonly used to help issues concerning heartburn, acid reflux and more. These feelings most likely take place due to excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach which causes an uncomfortable feeling. This subsequently allows a backflow of this acid to go up the esophagus which can make someone feel like their throat is burning. These tablets counteract the acidity as they go to the stomach area and react with the hydrochloric acid. These tablets are basic and change the liquid in the stomach to being not as highly acidic. Common antacid tablets contain Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)2. A reaction equation by using an antacid tablet is shown as followed: HCl+NaOHà ¯ NaCl+H2O The acid base titration in this case is used to determine the amount of the stomach acid present in one’s body. Therefore, it can be discovered how much antacid will be needed for someone dealing with the issues mentioned above in order to make the hydrochloric acid present in their stomach less concentrated (Cavite, 2010). This will ensure the pH of the stomach will be less acidic. In other words, the lab will determine how much hydrochloric acid will be needed to be titrated by the base. Bibliography: 1. â€Å"Acid-Base Indicators.† Acid-Base Indicators. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . 2. Meheen, T. â€Å"#3- Lab.† Titration – Analysis of Vinegar. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . 3. Rousseau, Sasha. â€Å"If You Dilute Vinegar, How Will It Affect the PH Value?† EHow. Demand Media, 07 July 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . 4. â€Å"Toxic Substances Portal – Sodium Hydroxide.† Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). N.p., 22 Apr. 2002. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. . 5. â€Å"Downloads†. Stuart Digital Burette. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . 6. â€Å"CALIBRATION OF VOLUMETRIC GLASSWARE.† CALIBRATION OF VOLUMETRIC GLASSWARE. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . 7. â€Å"Acid Base Titration – End Point Indicators.† Acid Base Titration – End Point Indicators. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. . 8. Pallas_reg. â€Å"Acid-Base Titrations: Analysis of Antacid Tablets.† Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. .

Be Sure You’re Right, Then Go Ahead Essay

The Davy Crockett Gun Craze by Sarah Nilsen is an article about the effects of gunplay in the Davy Crockett cartoon series in the 1950s. The cartoon series depicted Davy Crockett as a hero with a gun, and to the younger viewers, it portrayed to them that guns were acceptable to use in play. The author, Sarah Nilsen, is a professor at the University of Vermont, and she teaches the history of television and film and how they affected popular culture and their influence on the audience (UVM.edu). In the article, Nilsen believes that the media can control their audience by portraying something in a positive light, and she uses the Davy Crockett craze as an example of how cartoons can change the image of guns to the public. With the use of examples and quotes in the article, Nilsen’s article flows well and provides a sufficient amount of information about the Davy Crockett gun craze. Throughout the article, Nilsen provides many great examples to help prove her point. A strong examp le that helped strengthen the article when she pointed out that in 1942, Disney came out with the film Bambi that was â€Å"anti-hunting and anti-gun,† which was contradictory of Disney because about 10 years later, Disney produced the Davy Crockett cartoon series that promoted gun use where the gun was the â€Å"center of his image and message† (Nilsen 3). This example helped prove her point that Disney is very contradictory of itself and the messages that they are sending children. Nilsen used another example that was a report of what a child said to show that the Disney shows were influencing children using guns; â€Å"In Brooklyn, New York, a six-year-old son of a policeman asked his father for real bullets because his little sister ‘doesn’t die for real when I shoot her like they do when Hopalong Cassidy kills ’em'† (Nilsen 4). Nilsen is showing the reader that children are being influenced by what they watch and it’s causing them to be desensitized about guns. Guns are seen as normal and since they are portrayed as toys, people aren’t going to be safe with them as they should be. Along with strong examples to help prove her points, Nilsen also uses many quotes in the article to support her points and show the reader that her points are valid and has done sufficient research. For example, she takes a quote from what media theorist Daniel Dayan when he says â€Å"ideology is hidden  in our very eyes† (Nilsen 2). She uses his quote as a reference and in the next sentence she validates the quote by saying that the Davy Crockett series displays the ideology that contradicts the message (Nilsen 2). All in all, Sarah Nilsen’s article, â€Å"Be Sure You’re Right, Then Go Ahead†: The Davy Crockett Gun Craze, is an overall excellent article. Nilsen draws out many great points through examples and stories to support her points. Her knowledge of the subject is eminent through her control of writing and use of valid sources to help validate her points. The writing had substance and flowed well to keep the reader on track and focused on the writing.

Alexander Hamilton vs Thomas Jefferson Essay

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had very different political views, which is why our first president, George Washington, had them both in his cabinet. Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury, while Jefferson was the first Secretary of State. These differences begin with who they thought should govern and what type of government was the best. Hamilton thought we should have a strong central government in the interests of commerce and industry, while having the national government in charge. However, Jefferson felt that the people should rule with a decentralized, agrian government in the terms of freedom and the people should rule themselves. They also had conflicting ideas for what economy suited us best, Hamilton believing it to be industrial and Jefferson believing the best was agricultural. Along with those conflicts, they didn’t agree with how the constitution was to be interpreted. Hamilton was a loose constructionist, wanting to stick closer to the thought of the central government ruling. Jefferson was a strict constructionist, believing that the constitution was to be followed closely. Lastly, their difference in ideas helped formed political factions. They became two sides, the Federalists and the Antifederalists – or Republicans. Alexander Hamilton’s side was the Federalists, they stood for the urban mercantile interests of the seaports. Thomas Jefferson’s was the Republicans who represented the southern and rural interests. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had very different political views, which is why our first president, George Washington, had them both in his cabinet. Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury, while Jefferson was the first Secretary of State. These differences begin with who they thought should govern and what type of government was the best. Hamilton thought we should have a strong central government in the interests of commerce and industry, while having the national government in charge. However, Jefferson felt that the people should rule with a decentralized, agrian government in the terms of freedom  and the people should rule themselves. They also had conflicting ideas for what economy suited us best, Hamilton believing it to be industrial and Jefferson believing the best was agricultural. Along with those conflicts, they didn’t agree with how the constitution was to be interpreted. Hamilton was a loose constructionist, wanting to stick closer to the thought of the central government ruling. Jefferson was a strict constructionist, believing that the constitution was to be followed closely. Lastly, their difference in ideas helped formed political factions. They became two sides, the Federalists and the Antifederalists – or Republicans. Alexander Hamilton’s side was the Federalists, they stood for the urban mercantile interests of the seaports. Thomas Jefferson’s was the Republicans who represented the southern and rural interests.

Character Education and Me Essay

After reviewing all of the materials for the course, I am convinced that character education is something that must have a presence in schools. Students of all grade levels can benefit from learning how to become civilized members of society. I agree with Lickona (1992) as far as the family being the first and foremost teacher of morals. As adults, we continue to reflect on our morals and virtues with hope of continually improving ourselves, especially when we become parents. I as well as many other new parents ran out to get a parenting manual to assist me in raising my children the best I could. Character education should be incorporated into the lessons daily in context. As the School Family video showed us, it should not be done through bribing, rewarding and punishing students without a lesson involved. After the school adopted the Conscious Discipline program, it appears that they have students use their words to talk out their issues with one another. I feel this has a better impact on the students in the long run. They will be better able to handle conflict in the future because of the lessons their teachers have helped them to understand. Kohn (1997) explained the side of character education with which most teachers are familiar. He explains, much like the Fern Creek video states, that students are most frequently drilled and rewarded through the character education programs. I do not necessarily agree that the values should be taught out of context. As a language teacher, I can tell you first hand that rote memorization does not show understanding of a concept. In addition, any person who has raised a preschooler can tell you that one of the first questions a child asks is â€Å"Why? † Children do not learn from simply being corrected or told what to do. They learn when they can explain why something is the way it is. Good character is completely developed by knowing ones morals and wanting to abide by the virtues by which we all live. If more parents were sensitive to the information that Lickona discussed in the Raising Good Children video, schools would have an easier time with character education. I agree that parents and schools need to form a partnership. Parents typically do not line their children up and drill right or wrong. They teach their children virtues in context. If my son steals his brother’s toys and a fight breaks out, I am not likely to say â€Å"that’s not right! † and end the conversation there. Young children are more likely to stop the bad behavior if they know why it was wrong or hurtful. I would explain to my son, â€Å"It hurts your brother’s feelings when you take his toys. Do you like your feelings hurt? Please ask him next time. † Incorporating the â€Å"do unto others† ideal does not make an impact unless the child can relate directly to the situation. I have noticed the times I had forgotten the explanation of why to stop; my son would repeat the misbehavior a short time later. Many of the virtues I have learned have come from my mother and my grandmother, since they were around me the most as a child. Through gentle reminders from these women I learned a set of standards to live by, my virtues. By knowing this information and using the good moral judgment that my family taught me, I have developed my character. Some children come to our classrooms without the opportunity to learn the way I did. Therefore, I need to be sensitive to their needs and help them to focus on how to change their behaviors. By treating students fairly and with compassion on a consistent basis, hopefully I can encourage students to intrinsically want to have good character.

Protein Misfolding Amyloid Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Protein Misfolding Amyloid - Lab Report Example Fig 3. Fluorescence intensities of a) Tyrosine b) Tryptophan and c) Thioflavin T in Con A , at 40 0C a) b) c) Fig 3 b also shows considerable Trp fluorescence at pH 5.0 and 7.0 while at pH 9.0, intensity remained insignificant again showing buried/ quenched Trp residues. After a lag of 40 h the ThT intensity increased sharply to high level at pH 5.0. At pH 7.0, the plateau was attained after slight increase up to 20 h. At pH 9.0 the intensity increased at 70 h. Amyloid A40 Assay: Fig 4. Fluorescence of a) Tyrosine and b) Thioflavin T in A40 at 250 C Fig 4 a) The ThioflavinT bound to A increases at 40 h decreases thereafter and increases indicating conformational changes. Fig 4 b) Fig 4. shows Tyr intensity decreasing after 60h and so is the Th T intensity however the latter increases thereafter showing increased amyloidal fibril formation but at this time the Tyr seems to be quenched somewhat. Fig 5. TE Micrographs of Con A in pH 5.0 at 0 h Fig 5 a) X10K some amorphous aggregates are already present at this pH Fig 6. TEM showing Con A in pH 5.0 at a) 4 (X40K) and, b) 48h (X40K) c) 48 h at pH 7.0 (X15K and d) 48h at pH 9.0 at 25 0C Fig 6 a) only amorphous aggregates are present Fig 6 b) Fibril formation is clearly visible. Fig 6 c) 48h at pH 7.0 (X15K) Fig 6 d) 48 h at pH 9.0 (X10K) as expected the long amyloid fibrils are in state of formation Fig 7. Con A at 37.2 0C and pH 5.0 after 24h The physiological temperature and low pH shows abundant short rods Fig 8. A40 at 25 0 C a) 0, and b) 3h. (X20K) neither shows fibrils despite positive ThT fluorescence. Fig 7 shows AB40 as small...But at pH 9.0 the intensity decreased sharply from beginning up to 70h and then attained a plateau. The decrease of 400u indicated huge conformational change leading to buried and /or quenched Trp residues. Th T fluorescence decreased slightly up to 50 hrs and increased sharply thereafter reaching at peak at 80 hrs and then decreasing considerably. At pH 7 the intensity increased from beginning, reaching a max at 50h and decreasing sharply, thereafter. The Th T fluorescence shows reversible trend in these experiments and conformational changes are occurring fast. At pH 9.0, there was considerable increase in fluorescence intensity after 75h showing fibrillation (fig 1 c). Highest intensity was observed at pH 5.0 while considerably high Intensity at pH 7.0. However at pH 9.0 there was negligible intensity for tyrosine. The latter temperature and pH combination either create conditions for Tyrosine quenching or the aggregates deeply bury this amino acid as a result of conformational changes (Fig 3a). Fig 4. shows Tyr intensity decreasing after 60h and so is the Th T intensity however the latter increases thereafter showing increased amyloidal fibril formation but at this time the Tyr seems to be quenched somewhat. Only large amorphous structures seen after 72 h while a solitary long fibril is seen in the upper region after 96h (Fig 8 b).

World Religion and Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

World Religion and Cultures - Research Paper Example Yet the two are quite distinct in many ways yet share a common bond in the belief of natural goodness and the strength of the spirit within and without in the natural world. In the West experience is explained in words, in the East, words are slowly pealed away so one can experience reality directly. In fact the Taoist text, The Tao Te Ching, opens with the following, â€Å"The Tao that can be told is not the Eternal Tao Way, the name that can be named is not the eternal name.† (Novak 146-1479) So, in essence, words always fall short of the true meaning of experience. Eastern religion must be felt and experienced rather than thought about. In these religions there is not just the mind but the heart-mind from which understanding comes, something the west has separated into two distinct entities. In regards to philosophy in the West it is intelligence versus emotion instead of a combination of the two when talking about morality, ethics and so on. Enigmatic, this is probably one of the best terms that a Western mind can come up with when initially trying to understand Taoism. Phrases that can be used to describe the Tao such as, the more we know about it the less we understand, seek and you will not find it, and so on have left many people respectfully bewildered. This may also be the feeling that is left when trying to fathom many of the other Eastern religions including Buddhism. Taoism is the oldest of the group and was perhaps the initial driving force for the Chinese philosophical bent overall. Taoism, in a sense, paved the way for Buddhism as the centuries passed. Confucianism as well but especially Taoism created some of the structures for understanding and even necessitating the philosophical and spiritual principles of the Buddhist philosophy. Taoism created a common thread of awareness, of collective insight that gave the Chinese

Payam - Strategic Information Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Payam - Strategic Information Managment - Essay Example Thus, information that goes into the system must be analysed at various levels, according to the task organisation requirements. Therefore, the discussion about the best information system (IS) to be included is critical in order to support the decision-making process (Lucey, 1997). This case study takes an in-depth look at Optical Filters Ltd. (OFL), a company that is attempting to improve its sales order process to better satisfy its customers. In an effort to improve its processes and increase market share, the company has decided to revisit their business objectives (i.e. the way they make decisions), to find new ways of communicating the important information in real-time. 2 Optical Filters and Business Model OFL is a world leader in the design and manufacture of EMI-shielded and contrast-enhancement windows. The company was established in 1988 in the United Kingdom (UK), and has remained a family-owned and operated business. Its proficiency lies in optical expertise and the dry film lamination of plastic and glass filters for displays and enclosures. OFL is based out of Thame, Oxfordshire and is registered to ISO9001:2000 for the design and manufacture of products to enhance displays. The company currently supplies its products to the aerospace, defence, and security industries. OFL employs approximately 40 employees in its UK facilities with a turnover of close to ?6 million per year (Optical Filters, 2010). 2.1 Business Model and Strategic View OFL has been a major supplier of heated glass to 3M and BAE Systems, which have been the company’s two largest customers. The company is involved in a high-variety, low-volume business (Naylor, 2002). Thus, due to the nature of production, OFL must always use skilful assembly operators and engineers to complete sales orders. There are three major objectives OFL focuses on when servicing its customers: Quality products with competitive price On-time delivery Short lead time Strategically, the business has r eported looking forward to increase its market share in both the UK and the United States (US). This goal is the primary reason for establishing effective customer interaction procedures. To make this a reality, the company realizes its image and performance must be changed. OFL must focus on the following two primary objectives of IS development: Improve the information flow across the organisation to create a visibility about sales orders, production capacity and materials management To improve OFL’s reputation, in term of deliveries, quality, and shorter order processing time These objectives are in line with the strategic decision and plans for the next fiscal year. The relationship between the above objectives and the strategy that must be followed in the IS design to support and add value to what they are attempting. 2.2 Business Environment In order for a business to be successful, it is important for the company to always be mindful of the surrounding environment that influences its business. As highlighted by Porter (2003),

Indigenous Education in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Indigenous Education in Australia - Essay Example 1993). As an effect of broad community conversation and research, the Northern Territory Correctional Services (NTCS) in Australia documented that the wants of together the illegal and the community could be the majority outstanding addressed during an integrated approach to meddling and training delivery. Furthermore, during ending offending our message was the resultant proposal and it was officially launched in September 1999 (Heath, A.F. and Ridge, J. 2003, 169-84). This project focuses on as long as skills that are the majority suitable to the location and lifestyle of the person. The policy requires an ongoing dialogue among the program facilitator, training supplier, the member and his or her home community. No doubt, such education provides a focus for interference that range from matter abuse to community preservation. There are no additional education based institutions that provide the framework for training delivery, community involvement and participation (Harkness, S. 2005, 1 -36). Comparable training programs delivered within the custodial context are characterized by compartmentalization and limited opportunities for evolution. This program is designed to accommodate the changing needs of individual participants as well as the needs and expectations of the community. Sales of artwork and music generate an income that is given to the Victims of Crime Assistance League in line with the agency commitment to provide reparation (Daly, P. 2004). extra than 250 male as well as female inmates in Darwin in addition to Alice Springs correctional centers at present are concerned in this program, on behalf of 25 percent of the total prison inhabitants in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Moreover, participants are creating stories, paintings, songs and music CDs that speak to alcohol and drug use and criminal. This product is marketplace via the Web site. The content of much of the music and artwork reflects the choices made by offenders prior to imprisonment, the effect of their crimes on victims and the realities of prison life. all through this "world first" proposal, participants undertake countrywide attributed Vocational Education plus Training (VET) in areas such as literacy, music and art manufacturing skills, computing, woodwork and trades (Heath, A.F. and McMahon, D. 2005). Participants are enrolled in countrywide accredited modules and units from the subsequent courses: arts and crafts, entry-level music manufac turing skills, general building, broad education, preliminary vocational education, and access to employment and additional study, and national workplace skills (Cheng, Y. and Heath, A.F. 2003 , 151-66). Foremost factors linked with offending and recidivism in the NT are limited employment prospects, low education levels and unsafe levels of drug use. Collaboration among the Prisoner Education Unit and the Alcohol and Other Drugs Unit ensures that the interference addresses offending behavior and, at the similar time, delivers exact VET learning result and competencies. Alcohol-related offenses account for approximately 70 percent of all